Stephen D. Smith, Michael Aschbacher, Richard Lyons, and Ronald Solomon are the last four mathematicians who master in original proof of Enormous Theorem. This theory is about symmetry, representing the cores of forms, laws, and mathematical objects that remain unchanged under transformation. In the modern physics, the enormous theory plays a vital role - spanning classical Newtonian to string theory illustrating how its laws are intertwined with symmetry, that the Standard Model was finalised the confirmation of the existence of quarks, and and more recently the Higgs boson (2013).
* The Standard Model of particle physics is a theory concerning the electromagnetic, weak, and strong nuclear interactions, as well as classifying all the subatomic particles known.
* 1972 Gorenstein proposes a 16-step program for classifying finite simple groups
* Emmy Noether determined the conserved quantities for every system of physical laws that possesses some continuous symmetry.
Reference:
1. The Classi cation of Finite Simple Groups
2. Emmy Noether's Wonderful Theorem
3. Perspectives on Higgs Physics
Wednesday, August 5, 2015
Sunday, August 2, 2015
ねじ曲げられた桜―美意識と軍国主義
被扭曲的櫻花 美的意識與軍國主義
- 關於神風特攻隊-
一九四三年（昭和十八年）五月十__日，田邊在京都帝國大學面對爆滿的聽眾，發表了在今日被認為是惡名昭彰的演講，聽眾裡也有即「學徒出陣」遠赴前線的大學生。田邊讚揚「個人對國家的貢獻」，並且認為這才是改革社會的手段，但是對於在台下聆聽的同學而言，田邊所提倡的主張將會在現實中導致學生遠赴前線，並戰死沙場。
如果分析學生們所閱讀的作品，可以發現活躍於十八世紀後半到二十世紀初期之間的作家，大都曾經受到各種浪漫主義思想的影響（這類浪漫主義在十八世紀後半席捲了德國、法國、俄國）。在希特勒登上全力大位的前一年（一九三二），日本的浪漫派雜誌創刊，這本雜誌激進地將浪漫主義和國粹主義結合在一起。日本浪漫派的先驅者保田與重郎宣告了馬克思主義的終結，並宣揚浪漫主義即將帶來新的篇章。
與納粹政權下的德意志相同，日本也有部分知識份子和藝術家與國粹主義密不可分。今天我們有時會認為參與浪漫主義的運動者們有自己的「陰暗之處」，不過真正重要的是浪漫主義強調美的價值。這是因為年輕人將美的價值投射到自己的理想主義和愛國心之上，使自己的犧牲得以正當化，成為源於高尚動機、追求美好目標的行動者。
年輕人之中也有馬克斯主義者。這些馬克斯主義者不只針對已被物質主義會資本主義腐化的英國、美國，即使是對自己的國家，也抱持著為了破壞一切而獻身的覺悟。他們熱切盼望，在古老日本崩壞之後的灰燼中，會出現如鳳凰重生般的新日本。攻隊員之中，也有人認為烏托邦就存在於艾伯特。史懷哲的人道主義之中。
除此之外，還有虔誠的基督教徒。這些基督徒中，有人在最後一次出擊時代著聖經同行，也有人在最後一夜吟誦讚美詩歌 --- 雖然明知在基地嚴格檢閱制度之下是危險的行為。即使不是基督徒，也有人熱衷於閱讀基督教相關讀物，這是因為在現代日本，知識上最有影響力的領導人物是基督徒，不過也不只有這個原因。基督教是「死後」的宗教，人的精神和肉體在死後會變成怎樣，是基督教關注的焦點 ; 相反地，日本的宗教是「世俗的」宗教，是以現世的利益為中心，所以年輕人在探尋「犧牲有何意義」的過程中，選擇了靠向基督教。
如果認為他們的知識活動只是單純地信奉西方的高級文化（High Culture)，或是嘗試超越這些文化，那就大錯特錯了。在日本人用來吸收西洋文明的根基中，存在著中國的知識傳統，許多領域經年累月受到這方面的影響。六世紀傳入日本的儒家思想以新的形勢復興（特別是在一八八〇年代時)，並且提供了堅固的基礎，讓日本在此時形成的意識型態特別重視忠義和犧牲，因此，日本才具備了成為現代軍事民族國家的種種條件，而且，這個民族國家以國民的犧牲作為前提。在十七世紀傳入的朱子學 --- 尤其是陽明學 --- 特別重視個人的新的主體性，因此可以作為日本吸收康德個人主義時的精神基礎。
- 關於神風特攻隊-
一九四三年（昭和十八年）五月十__日，田邊在京都帝國大學面對爆滿的聽眾，發表了在今日被認為是惡名昭彰的演講，聽眾裡也有即「學徒出陣」遠赴前線的大學生。田邊讚揚「個人對國家的貢獻」，並且認為這才是改革社會的手段，但是對於在台下聆聽的同學而言，田邊所提倡的主張將會在現實中導致學生遠赴前線，並戰死沙場。
如果分析學生們所閱讀的作品，可以發現活躍於十八世紀後半到二十世紀初期之間的作家，大都曾經受到各種浪漫主義思想的影響（這類浪漫主義在十八世紀後半席捲了德國、法國、俄國）。在希特勒登上全力大位的前一年（一九三二），日本的浪漫派雜誌創刊，這本雜誌激進地將浪漫主義和國粹主義結合在一起。日本浪漫派的先驅者保田與重郎宣告了馬克思主義的終結，並宣揚浪漫主義即將帶來新的篇章。
與納粹政權下的德意志相同，日本也有部分知識份子和藝術家與國粹主義密不可分。今天我們有時會認為參與浪漫主義的運動者們有自己的「陰暗之處」，不過真正重要的是浪漫主義強調美的價值。這是因為年輕人將美的價值投射到自己的理想主義和愛國心之上，使自己的犧牲得以正當化，成為源於高尚動機、追求美好目標的行動者。
年輕人之中也有馬克斯主義者。這些馬克斯主義者不只針對已被物質主義會資本主義腐化的英國、美國，即使是對自己的國家，也抱持著為了破壞一切而獻身的覺悟。他們熱切盼望，在古老日本崩壞之後的灰燼中，會出現如鳳凰重生般的新日本。攻隊員之中，也有人認為烏托邦就存在於艾伯特。史懷哲的人道主義之中。
除此之外，還有虔誠的基督教徒。這些基督徒中，有人在最後一次出擊時代著聖經同行，也有人在最後一夜吟誦讚美詩歌 --- 雖然明知在基地嚴格檢閱制度之下是危險的行為。即使不是基督徒，也有人熱衷於閱讀基督教相關讀物，這是因為在現代日本，知識上最有影響力的領導人物是基督徒，不過也不只有這個原因。基督教是「死後」的宗教，人的精神和肉體在死後會變成怎樣，是基督教關注的焦點 ; 相反地，日本的宗教是「世俗的」宗教，是以現世的利益為中心，所以年輕人在探尋「犧牲有何意義」的過程中，選擇了靠向基督教。
如果認為他們的知識活動只是單純地信奉西方的高級文化（High Culture)，或是嘗試超越這些文化，那就大錯特錯了。在日本人用來吸收西洋文明的根基中，存在著中國的知識傳統，許多領域經年累月受到這方面的影響。六世紀傳入日本的儒家思想以新的形勢復興（特別是在一八八〇年代時)，並且提供了堅固的基礎，讓日本在此時形成的意識型態特別重視忠義和犧牲，因此，日本才具備了成為現代軍事民族國家的種種條件，而且，這個民族國家以國民的犧牲作為前提。在十七世紀傳入的朱子學 --- 尤其是陽明學 --- 特別重視個人的新的主體性，因此可以作為日本吸收康德個人主義時的精神基礎。
Think Fast Slow (edit)
Zajonc offered an eloquent summary of his program of research:
* Overconfidence: As the WYSIATI rule implies, neither the quantity nor the quality of the evidence counts for much in subjective confidence. The confidence that individuals have in their beliefs depends mostly on the quality of the story they can tell about what they see, even if they see little. We often fail to allow for the possibility that evidence that should be critical to our judgment is missing - what we see is all there is. Furthermore, our associative system tends to settle on a coherent pattern of activation and suppresses doubt and ambiguity.
*Framing effects: Different ways of presenting the same information often evoke different emotions. The statement that "the odds of survival one month after surgery are 90%" is more reassuring than the equivalent statement that "mortality within one month of surgery is 10%". Similarly, cold cuts described as "10% fat." The equivalence of the alternative formulations is transparent, but an individual normally sees only one formulation, and what she sees is all there is.
*Base-rate neglect: Recall Steve, the meek and tidy soul who is often believed to be a librarian, The personality description is salient and vivd, and although you surely know that there are more male farmers than male librarians, that statistical fact almost certainly did not come to your mind when you first considered the question. What you saw was all there was.
Halo effect
Halo effect is a cognitive bias in which an observer's overall impression of a person, company, brand, or product influences the observer's feelings and thoughts about that entity's character or properties. It was named by psychologist Edward Thorndike in reference to a person being perceived as having a halo.
The consequences of repeated exposures benefit the organism in its relations to the immediate animate and inanimate environment. They allow the organism to distinguish objects and habitats that are safe from those that are not, and they are the most primitive basis of social attachments. Therefore, they form the basis for social organisation and cohesion - the basic sources of psychological and social stability.WYSIATI:
* Overconfidence: As the WYSIATI rule implies, neither the quantity nor the quality of the evidence counts for much in subjective confidence. The confidence that individuals have in their beliefs depends mostly on the quality of the story they can tell about what they see, even if they see little. We often fail to allow for the possibility that evidence that should be critical to our judgment is missing - what we see is all there is. Furthermore, our associative system tends to settle on a coherent pattern of activation and suppresses doubt and ambiguity.
*Framing effects: Different ways of presenting the same information often evoke different emotions. The statement that "the odds of survival one month after surgery are 90%" is more reassuring than the equivalent statement that "mortality within one month of surgery is 10%". Similarly, cold cuts described as "10% fat." The equivalence of the alternative formulations is transparent, but an individual normally sees only one formulation, and what she sees is all there is.
*Base-rate neglect: Recall Steve, the meek and tidy soul who is often believed to be a librarian, The personality description is salient and vivd, and although you surely know that there are more male farmers than male librarians, that statistical fact almost certainly did not come to your mind when you first considered the question. What you saw was all there was.
Halo effect
Halo effect is a cognitive bias in which an observer's overall impression of a person, company, brand, or product influences the observer's feelings and thoughts about that entity's character or properties. It was named by psychologist Edward Thorndike in reference to a person being perceived as having a halo.
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